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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.6K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Search for a parity-violating long-range spin-dependent interaction.

Xing Heng1, Zitong Xu1,2, Xiaofei Huang1

  • 1Institute of Large-Scale Scientific Facility, School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-sensitivity atomic comagnetometers probe beyond-Standard-Model physics. This study enhances sensitivity for P-odd, T-even interactions, setting new constraints on parity-violating interactions.

Keywords:
atomic comagnetometerbeyond-Standard-Model interactionshybrid spin-resonanceparity violation

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum sensing
  • Particle physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • High-sensitivity quantum sensors are crucial for detecting physics beyond the Standard Model.
  • Atomic comagnetometers offer a promising platform for probing fundamental interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To probe P-odd, T-even interactions using an atomic comagnetometer.
  • To establish new experimental constraints on potential extensions to the Standard Model.

Main Methods:

  • Operating an atomic comagnetometer in a resonantly-coupled hybrid spin-resonance (HSR) regime.
  • Implementing a multistage vibration isolation system to reduce noise.
  • Utilizing spin-exchange relaxation-free techniques for enhanced sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a vibration-related noise reduction exceeding 700-fold.
  • Established new, stringent constraints on vector-boson-mediated parity-violating interactions.
  • Improved experimental sensitivity by three orders of magnitude.

Conclusions:

  • The HSR regime enhances measurement bandwidth and stability in quantum sensors.
  • New constraints complement existing astrophysical and laboratory searches for new physics.
  • This work advances the search for physics beyond the Standard Model.