Natural products inhibit inflammatory diseases by regulating macrophage polarization

Macrophages exhibit considerable adaptability. As a crucial component of the human innate immune system, macrophages can perform different functions by differentiating into different phenotypes. Macrophages undergo a constantly changing transformation, dividing into either M1 (which is the fiery type) or M2 (the calming variety) phenotypes, which drives the progression of inflammatory diseases. Given the pivotal role of macrophages in inflammation, regulating macrophage polarization may serve as a potential therapeutic target in several inflammatory diseases. Natural products, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and alkaloids, have demonstrated remarkable ability to control the direction of macrophages and suppress inflammatory ailments. This is achieved by binding crucial signalling channels, such as the NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK pathways. This paper summarizes the mechanisms of macrophage polarization, highlights the therapeutic potential of natural substances, and provides valuable insights for the prevention and therapeutic management of inflammatory diseases.