Fungal derived chitosan nanoparticles fabricated from Aspergillus niger induces multi target molecular interaction on...

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone malignancy with limited treatment options and significant side effects from conventional therapies. Biopolymer-based nanoparticles, particularly chitosan, offer a promising alternative due to their biocompatibility and functional versatility. This study aimed to fabricate fungal-derived chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) from Aspergillus niger and evaluate their anticancer potential against osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cells. CS-NPs were synthesized using ionic gelation, characterized by FTIR, XRD, and FESEM-EDAX, and tested for anticancer efficacy through MTT and Trypan Blue assays, oxidative stress biomarkers (LPO, NO, GSH), clonogenic assay, DAPI staining, and in silico molecular docking with cancer-related proteins. The anticancer potential of CS-NPs was evaluated in Saos-2 cells using cell viability assays, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis detection, and clonogenic survival analysis. Treatment with CS-NPs caused a marked, concentration-dependent decline in cell viability, along with clear apoptotic hallmarks including nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Biochemical analyses further showed elevated lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels, accompanied by reduced glutathione content. Docking studies revealed strong interactions of chitosan with IL-6, BCL2, VEGF, and NF-κB, suggesting interference with inflammatory, apoptotic, and angiogenic pathways. Fungal-derived CS-NPs are a potent, eco-friendly anticancer candidate with multi-target activity against osteosarcoma. Further in vivo validation is warranted to establish their therapeutic potential.