Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

9.6K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
9.6K
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

7.0K
Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
7.0K
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

6.5K
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
6.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Answer to the Letter to the Editor of T. Veerasatian, et al. concerning "Multi-class cervical spine fracture classification using deep ensemble model based on CT images" by K. Goutham Raju, et al. (Eur Spine J [2025]; doi: 10.1007/s00586-025-09415-6).

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Societyยท2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
07:30

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Published on: April 14, 2023

2.5K

Multi-class cervical spine fracture classification using deep ensemble model based on CT images.

K Goutham Raju1, Ravikumar S2

  • 1Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. vtd1168@veltech.edu.in.

European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Multi-class Classification model for Cervical Spine Fractures (MC-CSF) precisely identifies fracture types from CT scans. This advanced AI approach significantly improves diagnostic accuracy for cervical spine injuries.

Keywords:
Cervical spine fracturesE-LNetMRB-RUNet modelMulti-class classificationSegmentation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
07:30

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Published on: April 14, 2023

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Cervical spine fractures pose diagnostic and treatment challenges.
  • Conventional methods have limitations in detecting fracture types.
  • There's a need for advanced, precise detection techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust Multi-class Classification model for Cervical Spine Fractures (MC-CSF).
  • To improve the precise identification of various cervical spine fracture types using CT images.

Main Methods:

  • Image preprocessing using Enhanced Wiener Filtering (EWF).
  • Segmentation via Modified Residual Block-assisted ResUNet (MRB-RUNet).
  • Feature extraction using VGG16, ResNet, and Local Gabor Transitional Pattern (LGTrP).
  • Ensemble classification with Enhanced LeNet (E-LNet), ShuffleNet, and DCNN, using soft voting.

Main Results:

  • The MC-CSF model achieved a peak accuracy of 0.954.
  • Achieved precision of 0.813 and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 0.974.
  • The ensemble approach demonstrated superior performance over traditional methods.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed MC-CSF model offers a robust and accurate method for classifying cervical spine fractures.
  • This AI-driven approach enhances diagnostic capabilities for complex spinal injuries.
  • The study highlights the potential of deep learning and ensemble methods in orthopedic imaging analysis.