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First trimester urine glyphosate concentrations and gestational diabetes in nulliparas: a nested case-control study
David M Haas1, Kevin Moss2, Hani Faysal2
1Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. dahaas@iu.edu.
Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source
|October 7, 2025
Summary
First-trimester glyphosate exposure is linked to a higher risk of gestational diabetes (GDM). This association is stronger in individuals with higher body mass index (BMI), indicating a potential environmental risk factor for GDM.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Reproductive Epidemiology
- Toxicology
Background:
- Pesticide exposure during pregnancy is linked to adverse outcomes like miscarriage.
- The association between herbicide exposure and gestational diabetes (GDM) remains unclear.
- This study investigates first-trimester urinary herbicide levels and their connection to GDM development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine if first-trimester urinary glyphosate concentrations are associated with GDM.
- To explore the modifying effect of body mass index (BMI) on the glyphosate-GDM association.
Main Methods:
- A nested case-control study within the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study-Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b) cohort.
- Analysis of first-trimester urinary glyphosate concentrations in GDM cases and matched controls.
- Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess associations, including an interaction term for herbicide and BMI.
Main Results:
- Higher glyphosate concentrations (upper quartile) were significantly associated with increased odds of GDM (OR 3.27).
- An interaction between glyphosate and BMI showed elevated GDM odds (OR 1.23).
- Obese participants (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) had substantially higher adjusted odds of GDM (OR 8.52).
Conclusions:
- First-trimester urinary glyphosate concentrations are associated with GDM development.
- The association between glyphosate and GDM is amplified in individuals with higher BMI.
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