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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Response Shift and Measurement Invariance of Chronic Stressor Scale.

Wan-Chin Kuo1, Rachel Hawn1, Roger L Brown1

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

Journal of Transcultural Nursing : Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society
|October 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Chronic Stressor Scale (CSS) shows good item reliability but has significant differential item functioning (DIF) across race, age, and time. This suggests caution when comparing stress scores between diverse groups and over time.

Keywords:
chronic stresscross-cultural comparisondifferential item functioningmeasurement invariancepsychometricsresponse shiftsurvey designtranscultural

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological Measurement
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Troxel's Chronic Stressor Scale (CSS) is frequently used in comparative research on stress and health.
  • Measurement invariance of the CSS across demographic groups and time has not been previously established.
  • Understanding potential biases in the CSS is crucial for accurate stress-health relationship research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the measurement invariance of the Chronic Stressor Scale (CSS).
  • To examine potential differential item functioning (DIF) of the CSS across age, gender, race, ethnicity, and temporality.
  • To inform the appropriate use of the CSS in diverse populations and longitudinal studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2,263).
  • Employed Rasch's Rating Scale Model to assess Differential Item Functioning (DIF).
  • Evaluated model fit using infit/outfit statistics, person/item separation, and reliability indices.

Main Results:

  • The CSS exhibited strong item reliability but poor person reliability.
  • Significant DIF was detected for housing stress (race), self-health and occupational stress (age), and financial stress (temporality).
  • These findings indicate the scale may function differently across racial groups, age cohorts, and time points.

Conclusions:

  • While the CSS demonstrates good item reliability, significant DIF exists across race, age, and temporality.
  • Researchers should exercise caution when comparing composite or item scores from the CSS across diverse populations and time periods.
  • The study highlights the need for careful consideration of measurement invariance when using the CSS in comparative and longitudinal research.