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Relationship Between COVID-19 and Retinal Vein Occlusions.

Tetsuya Muto1,2,3, Shigeki Machida1, Shinichiro Imaizumi2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan.

Journal of Ophthalmology
|October 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection may increase the risk of retinal vein occlusions (RVOs). Ophthalmologists should consider COVID-19 as a cause of acute vision loss and RVOs.

Keywords:
branch retinal vein occlusioncentral retinal vein occlusioncoronavirus disease 2019severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) are a significant cause of vision loss.
  • The association between COVID-19 and RVOs is not fully understood.
  • COVID-19 infection is linked to endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between COVID-19 and retinal vein occlusions.
  • To understand the potential mechanisms linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to RVOs.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering COVID-19 in patients with acute vision loss.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on COVID-19 and RVOs.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms of RVOs in the context of COVID-19.
  • Discussion of clinical implications for ophthalmologists.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 infection can lead to endothelial dysfunction and elevated von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels.
  • These changes promote coagulation and platelet aggregation, increasing thrombosis risk.
  • Venous compression at arterial-venous crossings in the retina can exacerbate clot formation.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 is a potential etiological factor for retinal vein occlusions.
  • Elevated VWF levels in COVID-19 patients contribute to thrombosis risk.
  • Ophthalmologists should consider COVID-19 in patients presenting with acute vision loss and RVOs.