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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

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Exaggerated plethysmography waveforms associated with premature ventricular contractions.

J H Jones1, H Heyman1

  • 1University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA.

Anaesthesia Reports
|October 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This case report highlights exaggerated plethysmography waves during surgery, linked to premature ventricular contractions and compensatory pauses. This non-invasive finding offers insights into peri-operative haemodynamic responses to arrhythmia.

Keywords:
dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstructionperipheral oxygen saturationplethysmographypremature ventricular contractions

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiac history pose peri-operative risks.
  • Laparoscopic surgery requires continuous patient monitoring.
  • Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can affect haemodynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe an unusual plethysmography finding during laparoscopic surgery.
  • To explore the relationship between PVCs and peripheral haemodynamic responses.
  • To investigate the potential clinical value of non-invasive waveform analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 58-year-old male patient with COPD and cardiac history.
  • Laparoscopic appendectomy procedure.
  • Observation of plethysmography waveforms during surgery.

Main Results:

  • Exaggerated plethysmography waveforms exceeding display limits were observed.
  • These waveforms occurred following premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
  • The phenomenon is attributed to increased stroke volume from compensatory pauses post-PVCs.

Conclusions:

  • Non-invasive plethysmography can reveal haemodynamic changes related to arrhythmia.
  • The observed phenomenon may be analogous to the Brockenbrough-Braunwald-Morrow sign.
  • Further research is warranted to understand peri-operative waveform interpretation in arrhythmia.