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Updated: Jan 15, 2026
09:20
Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
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Analysis of Mortality from Multiple Causes in Heart Failure Categorized by Ejection Fraction
Giovanni Possamai Dutra1,2, Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes1,2, Thiago Moreira Bastos da Silva1
1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.
Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia
|October 8, 2025
Summary
Analyzing multiple causes of death in heart failure (HF) patients reveals non-circulatory deaths are common, regardless of ejection fraction (EF). Age and chronic comorbidities significantly influence mortality in these heart failure patients.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Geriatrics
Background:
- Mortality in heart failure (HF) is often underestimated using only death certificates.
- Multiple cause of death (MCD) analysis provides a comprehensive view of mortality determinants.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze in-hospital and late mortality causes in decompensated HF patients.
- To compare mortality across different ejection fraction (EF) groups: preserved (HFpEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), and reduced (HFrEF).
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort in a cardiac intensive care unit.
- Inclusion of multiple causes of death for in-hospital and late mortality.
- Statistical analysis with a significance level of 5%.
Main Results:
- Cardiovascular diseases were primary causes of death across all EF groups.
- Septicemia, HF, and pneumonia were leading isolated causes of death.
- Non-circulatory causes, including chronic respiratory, endocrine, and metabolic factors, were significantly associated with specific EF groups and overall mortality.
Conclusions:
- Multiple cause of death analysis highlights significant non-circulatory mortality in HF patients.
- Mortality is influenced by age and chronic comorbidities, irrespective of EF.
- Specific comorbidities showed associations with different HF phenotypes (HFrEF, HFmrEF, HFpEF).
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