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The Association Between Maternal Progesterone Use During Pregnancy and Offspring Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Elham Bidabadi1, Seyedeh Hajar Sharami2, Seyyedeh Azade Hoseini Nouri1

  • 1Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.

Journal of Attention Disorders
|October 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Progesterone use during pregnancy does not appear to be linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, contrary to some animal studies. However, continuous progesterone exposure throughout pregnancy may require further investigation for potential associations.

Keywords:
attention deficit hyperactivity disorderpregnancyprogesterone

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Animal studies suggested a link between progesterone and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • Clinical data on progesterone's effect on ADHD risk in children is limited.
  • Understanding prenatal factors influencing neurodevelopmental disorders is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clinically investigate the association between maternal progesterone use during pregnancy and the risk of ADHD in offspring.
  • To compare progesterone exposure patterns between children with ADHD and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective case-control study including 97 children with ADHD and 194 matched controls.
  • Maternal progesterone use (suppositories, injections) during pregnancy was assessed.
  • Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS to compare groups.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in overall progesterone use between ADHD and control groups.
  • Continuous progesterone use throughout all pregnancy trimesters was more frequent in ADHD cases (20.0% vs. 4.2%).
  • Cesarean delivery and lower maternal education were more common in the ADHD group.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal progesterone use during pregnancy is not significantly associated with ADHD development in children.
  • Prolonged progesterone exposure throughout pregnancy warrants further investigation for a potential association.
  • Findings contrast with some animal model data, highlighting the need for human clinical studies.