Rubber friction: Theory, mechanisms, and challenges

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Tribology
• Surface Engineering

Background:

• Rubber friction is critical for tires, seals, and footwear.
• Understanding friction on random roughness is essential for performance.
• Existing models often overlook multiscale surface topography.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review theories and experiments on rubber friction on randomly rough substrates.
• To analyze factors influencing friction dynamics, including pre-slip and temperature.
• To compare theoretical predictions with experimental data across various conditions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of theoretical models and experimental studies.
• Analysis of steady sliding, accelerated motion, and rolling friction.
• Comparison of predictions with experimental results for diverse materials and geometries.

Main Results:

• Multiscale roughness significantly impacts rubber friction.
• Pre-slip, elasticity, and flash temperature are key influencers of friction dynamics.
• Theoretical models show good agreement with experiments when multiscale roughness is considered.

Conclusions:

• Accurate modeling of rubber friction requires accounting for multiscale surface topography.
• Further research is needed on adhesion, energy dissipation, and roughness cutoffs.
• This review provides a comprehensive overview for advancing rubber friction research and applications.