Herpes simplex virus - state of the art of prevention and treatment

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection remains a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality despite advances in diagnostics and therapy. Transmission occurs predominantly during delivery and the three main clinical phenotypes; skin-eye-mouth disease, central nervous system disease, and disseminated disease, carry distinct prognoses. This state-of-the-art review focuses on prevention and consideration of empirical treatment. Maternal antiviral prophylaxis in late pregnancy has shown to reduce the frequency of active HSV outbreaks at delivery. Decisions on empirical acyclovir therapy must balance early recognition against overtreatment, guided by the number needed to treat, which in European settings among term and near-term infants ranges from over 1,000 for early-onset sepsis to ∼150 for late-onset sepsis. Ongoing research focuses on preventive strategies, including vaccine development and novel biomarkers on dried blood spot samples to improve outcomes.