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Encoding

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

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Flexible perceptual encoding by discrete gamma events.

Quentin Perrenoud¹, Antonio H de O Fonseca¹, Austin Airhart¹

¹Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

|October 8, 2025

Summary

New analysis reveals that gamma events in the mouse visual cortex (V1) synchronize neural firing, enhance visual encoding, and predict behavioral responses. These events are crucial for flexible visual information processing.

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Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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Published on: January 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Cognitive functions rely on spatiotemporal neural activity patterns in the neocortex.
Neural activity is often analyzed as oscillations, potentially overlooking aperiodic dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

Develop a novel method to decompose neural activity into discrete network events.
Investigate gamma activity (30-80 Hz) in the mouse visual cortex (V1) using this new approach.

Main Methods:

Developed a novel analytical method to decompose patterned neural activity into discrete network events.
Tracked gamma activity in the mouse visual cortex (V1).
Utilized optogenetics to modulate the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).

Main Results:

Gamma event rate in V1 fluctuates with arousal and can occur in isolation or brief oscillatory bouts.
Individual gamma events synchronize neural firing across cortical layers, enhancing visual encoding.
V1 gamma events are driven by dLGN input and are essential for thalamocortical integration of visual information.

Conclusions:

Gamma events in V1 are critical for flexible visual information encoding, modulated by behavioral context.
The rate of V1 gamma events predicts behavioral responses and performance in visual tasks.
Manipulating V1 gamma events directly impacts visual detection and behavioral responses.