History of bronchoscopy: from inception to the modern era of interventional pulmonology

This review traces the historical evolution of bronchoscopy, from its origins in the late nineteenth century to its current role as a central tool in interventional pulmonology. It highlights major technological and clinical milestones and considers how early innovations continue to shape modern practices. As bronchoscopy enters the era of robotics and artificial intelligence, this reflection offers a timely perspective on its future trajectory.

Advances in both rigid and flexible bronchoscopy have enhanced visualization, navigation, and therapeutic precision. Interventions such as airway stenting, cryotherapy, endobronchial valve placement, and nonthermal ablation are now routine. These developments build on historical foundations and support a more targeted, minimally invasive approach to pulmonary intervention.

The evolution of bronchoscopy reflects a legacy of innovation driven by clinical need and technological advancement. Rigid and flexible techniques remain vital, while recent advances in robotics, artificial intelligence navigation, and image-guided interventions signal a new era. A deep appreciation of its historical development informs current practice and shapes the integration of emerging technologies into the future of interventional pulmonology.