Systematic life cycle assessment of food waste management via composting technologies: An integrative review

Food waste management (FWM) is an urgent global issue with profound environmental and economic consequences. Composting, a key approach within FWM, offers an effective means of reducing the release of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, enhancing the vitality and quality of the soil, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. This review comprehensively evaluates different composting technologies using a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, with a focus on methods such as windrow, in-vessel, aerated static pile (ASP), and vermicomposting. These methods and innovations are evaluated based on their environmental impact, operational performance, and potential to be integrated with other waste management approaches, including anaerobic digestion. The review's core findings highlight both the strengths and limitations of each composting method, underscoring the importance of selecting the right technology to meet specific operational requirements. Additionally, the review identifies major challenges in the composting process, such as inefficiencies, emission management, and inconsistencies in compost quality. Future research directions are outlined, focusing on improving process efficiency, advancing technology, and establishing more robust regulatory frameworks. By incorporating environmental, economic, and social considerations, this review enhances the broader understanding of composting's significance in global FWM and lays the groundwork for future studies and policy initiatives aimed at advancing sustainability in waste management.