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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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Instinct Theory01:29

Instinct Theory

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Instinct theory proposes that innate biological instincts, like animal behavioral patterns, primarily drive human behavior. These instincts are inborn, not learned, and are fundamental to decision-making and action. Just as animals rely on instincts for critical survival functions such as migration, nest building, and defense, humans are also believed to exhibit behaviors rooted in evolutionary needs. For example, the instinct to reproduce motivates sexual behavior, while territorial instincts...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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Decision making: Embodied by nature.

Rouwen Cañal-Bruland1

  • 1Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.

Psychology of Sport and Exercise
|October 9, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Decisions are always embodied, not abstract. This research presents three arguments showing that all decisions, even abstract ones, stem from sensorimotor experiences and individual bodily interactions.

Keywords:
ActionDecisionEmbodiedPerception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Philosophy of Mind

Background:

  • The traditional view distinguishes between abstract and embodied decisions.
  • This distinction may be unnecessary, as decisions are fundamentally linked to physical and environmental interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To argue that all decisions are inherently embodied.
  • To challenge the dichotomy between abstract and embodied decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Presentation of three distinct arguments for embodied decision-making.
  • Integration of concepts from affordance perception, motor control, and linguistics.
  • Analysis of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence.

Main Results:

  • Decisions are shaped by unique individual bodies, brains, and environmental interactions.
  • Motor control and decision-making are intertwined, highlighting decision singularity.
  • Abstract concepts are grounded in sensorimotor experiences, refuting disembodied decision theories.

Conclusions:

  • The distinction between abstract and embodied decisions is artificial.
  • All decision-making processes are inherently embodied.
  • Advocating for the concept of embodied decisions is crucial for understanding cognition.