Skin cancer chemoprevention: An overview

The incidence of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) is rising worldwide, with ultraviolet radiation as a primary cause. Although NMSCs are more common, melanoma remains the most challenging to treat because of its higher aggressiveness, late diagnosis, and recurrence after therapy. Sunscreens provide limited protection, highlighting the need for alternative solutions. Chemopreventive therapies targeting molecular pathways involved in melanoma progression have shown promise. Certain synthetic and natural nontoxic compounds can inhibit skin carcinogenesis during the initiation, promotion, and progression stages. This review discusses the effects of chemopreventive agents, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), statins, antioxidants, and vitamins, on skin cancer. Although substantial preclinical evidence suggests these strategies might prevent or delay melanoma, clinical studies confirming efficacy and long-term safety are still lacking.