Skin cancer and human immunodeficiency virus

The risk of skin cancer in persons living with HIV (PLWH) is an evolving subject area shaped by the use of antiretroviral therapy. Keratinocyte carcinomas, including basal and squamous cell carcinoma, have a high incidence in the general population and in PLWH. PLWH may have a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma compared to the general population. In addition, Merkel cell carcinoma and sebaceous carcinoma exhibit higher incidence rates in PLWH. Data on melanoma risk are varied. Risks of skin cancer may be influenced by vigilant surveillance, photosensitivity, and immune status. Screening for skin cancer is generally recommended, although national guidelines vary in specific recommendations. Treatments range from topical therapies to surgeries to immune checkpoint inhibitors, with Mohs micrographic surgery playing an important role. Data on immune checkpoint inhibitors suggest safe and efficacious use in PLWH, although larger trials are warranted. The dynamic interplay between HIV, antiretroviral use and immunosuppression, and the risk and treatment of skin cancer underscores the importance of rigorous research studies and screening and treatment guidelines specific to this population.