Prognostic Value of Initial Imaging and PSA Change with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 Radiopharmaceutical Therapy in Patients...

[¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radiopharmaceutical therapy improves survival and quality of life in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. We assessed whether patients who did not achieve an early prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline after the first cycle (C1) benefited from further [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Methods: We analyzed patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer participating in a registry of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (ProsTIC registry, NCT04769817). Patients with a PSA either rising (≥25% increase from baseline) or stable (30% decrease to 25% increase from baseline) within 28 d of starting treatment (C1) and consequently received a second dose (cycle 2) were included. Biochemical response was defined as a PSA decline of more than 50% from baseline (PSA-50) within 20 wk after C1. Quality of life was assessed on 2 validated scales. We evaluated the effect of PSA change and 3 imaging parameters (pretreatment PSMA PET SUV_mean, pretreatment [¹⁸F]FDG PET metabolic tumor volume, and mean total tumor dosimetry on SPECT/CT after C1) with these outcomes and survival time after cycle 2. Results: Of 195 patients, 103 met inclusion criteria between January 5, 2021, and March 30, 2023, with an early PSA rise in 31 patients (30%) or stable PSA in 72 patients (70%). Of 103 patients, 45 (44%) achieved PSA-50 by 140 d after C1. Seven of 31 patients (23%) and 38 of 72 patients (53%) with early rising and stable PSA, respectively, had achieved a PSA-50 by 140 d after C1. A PSMA SUV_mean of 10 or more versus an SUV_mean of less than 10 conferred a higher chance of PSA-50 (59% vs. 37%; odds ratio, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.08-5.95). In total, 59 deaths were recorded with a median overall survival of 11.3 mo after cycle 2. [¹⁸F]FDG metabolic tumor volume was the only variable to have a meaningful association with overall survival. Patients with baseline pain scores of 10 or greater according to EORTC QLQ-C30 pain or 2 or greater according to BPI-SF had clinically meaningful reductions in pain in 39 of 55 patients (71%) and 17 of 37 patients (46%), respectively. Conclusion: Discontinuing [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 based solely on PSA response after just 1 cycle is not advisable as a substantial number of patients achieve PSA-50 or a reduction in pain. Baseline imaging parameters have prognostic utility and can assist in patient counseling and clinical decision-making.