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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

789
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
789

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates
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Fresh Milk Administration and Cytomegalovirus Infection in Preterm Neonates: A Case Study Approach.

Pauline Ragon1, Yahia Mekki2, Sophie Laborie3

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Reims, Reims, France.

Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association
|October 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Fresh human milk for preterm infants is safe, with a low incidence of symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection. This highlights the benefits of unrestricted fresh milk for infant health and breastfeeding duration.

Keywords:
CMVFrancebreastmilkcase reportcytomegalovirusfresh milkhuman milkpreterm

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal care
  • Infectious disease epidemiology
  • Human milk research

Background:

  • Fresh human milk improves outcomes for preterm infants, including reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia and increased breastfeeding duration.
  • Concerns about postnatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection often restrict fresh milk administration.
  • This study investigates the incidence and outcomes of CMV infection in preterm infants receiving unrestricted fresh milk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and clinical outcomes of symptomatic postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation) fed fresh milk.
  • To assess the safety of unrestricted fresh milk administration in a neonatal intensive care unit setting.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of medical records from a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (2009-2020).
  • Inclusion criteria: preterm infants born <32 weeks gestation who received fresh milk.
  • Data collection focused on symptomatic postnatal cytomegalovirus infection, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Out of 2554 preterm infants, 1396 received fresh milk. Eight developed symptomatic postnatal CMV infection (incidence 5/1000).
  • Three cases presented with severe illness; one infant died.
  • Two survivors experienced neurodevelopmental delay; liver function remained normal. Mean breastfeeding duration was 4.5 months for survivors.

Conclusions:

  • Unrestricted fresh milk administration was associated with a low incidence of symptomatic postnatal CMV infection.
  • Neonatologists should be vigilant for CMV infection in preterm infants receiving fresh milk.
  • Further multicenter research is needed to identify high-risk infants and optimize prevention/treatment strategies.