Incorporating meningeal immunity into vaccine development

Meningeal immunity, a less-studied aspect of neuroimmune interactions, has recently come under the spotlight owing to the characterization of meningeal lymphatic vessels draining of the central nervous system (CNS). This changing landscape has begun to impact how vaccinologists and immunologists approach early pre-clinical vaccine development, including decentering the antigen, with a greater focus on the role of formulation science and route of delivery. Here, we review the current state of how concepts emerging from meningeal immunity are being incorporated into modern vaccine innovation, discovery, and development.