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Inclusive crowd evacuation modeling under heterogeneous mobility constraints.

Fahad K Alqahtani1, Mohamed Sherif2,3, Amr Ghanem2

  • 1Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O.Box 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. bfahad@ksu.edu.sa.

Scientific Reports
|October 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Inclusive evacuation simulations reveal that disabled individuals significantly increase evacuation times and reduce throughput. This highlights critical needs for accessible design and planning in emergency situations for heterogeneous crowds.

Keywords:
Crowd dynamicsDisability-aware simulationEmergency evacuation planningInclusive evacuation modellingMobility impairmentSocial force model

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Area of Science:

  • Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Traditional evacuation models inadequately address diverse mobility needs of individuals with disabilities.
  • Existing pedestrian dynamic models lack realistic integration of disability-specific movement limitations and environmental barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an inclusive evacuation simulation framework that integrates wheelchair users and visually impaired individuals.
  • To analyze the impact of disabled individuals on evacuation dynamics and identify critical vulnerabilities.

Main Methods:

  • An extended social force model was developed, modifying agent parameters (speed, size, navigation) for disabled individuals.
  • A probabilistic falling mechanism and dynamic environmental interactions were incorporated.
  • A single-room evacuation scenario with 50 agents (20% disabled) was simulated.

Main Results:

  • Disabled individuals increased total evacuation time by ~50% and reduced peak throughput by 40% after falls.
  • Fall incidents caused door blockages and intensified congestion effects like arching and clogging.
  • Heatmaps showed localized congestion zones, and kinetic energy analysis revealed energy dissipation at the exit.

Conclusions:

  • Inclusive modeling is essential for identifying evacuation plan vulnerabilities for heterogeneous crowds.
  • Design interventions like wider doorways and accessible exits are crucial for improving safety.
  • The framework provides a foundation for performance-based inclusive design and future research in evacuation planning.