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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

212
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
212
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

192
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
192
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

242
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
242
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

252
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
252

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Broad-Spectrum Drug Screening Positivity Rates in Pediatrics and Adults: The Reference Laboratory Perspective.

Ryan C Shean1,2, Kamisha L Johnson-Davis1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States; and.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
|October 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Broad-spectrum drug testing reveals significant differences in drug positivity rates based on patient age and sex. Female patients showed higher rates of multiple drug use, while pediatric patients were more likely to test positive for sedatives.

Keywords:
drug testingdrugs of misusepediatricstherapeutic drug monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Broad-spectrum drug testing is crucial for managing unknown exposures.
  • Existing poison control data lack comprehensive clinical drug detection insights across diverse populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze drug positivity rates from a broad-spectrum drug panel.
  • To identify differences in drug detection patterns based on patient age and sex.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 7750 plasma and urine samples using a 127-analyte panel.
  • Stratification of samples by sex and age groups (pediatric <18, adult ≥18).
  • Comparison of positivity rates and copositivity patterns using chi-squared testing with Bonferroni correction.

Main Results:

  • High overall positivity rates: 86% in plasma, 82% in urine.
  • Significant sex-based differences in positivity for anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, and nicotine (higher in females, except nicotine).
  • Pediatrics showed higher sedative positivity but lower rates for most other drug classes compared to adults; higher copositivity observed in females.

Conclusions:

  • Real-world drug testing reveals significant sex and age variations in drug detection.
  • Higher copositivity in females and sedative prevalence in pediatrics have clinical implications for interpreting drug screens and managing toxidromes.
  • Findings support acute care decision-making and public health interventions, especially for pediatric populations.