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Related Concept Videos

Frictional Forces on Screws01:17

Frictional Forces on Screws

Screws are characterized by a helical ridge known as a thread wrapped around a cylindrical shaft. They are commonly used as fasteners to hold objects together or to transmit power and motion in machines. One type of screw that is particularly useful for transmitting power is the square-threaded screw.
A jack with a square-threaded screw is a mechanical device used to lift heavy loads by applying a force at its handle. When the force is applied, the screw turns, raising the load. The screw can...
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Self-Locking Screw

A square-threaded screw jack is a mechanical device widely used for lifting heavy loads or applying considerable force. One of the key features that can make a screw jack more effective and reliable is its self-locking capability.
A square-threaded screw jack carrying a load is considered self-locking if the screw retains its position even after the moment applied to it is removed.
Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
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Residual Stresses01:26

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Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
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Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

In analyzing a structural member composed of two different materials with identical cross-sectional areas, it is crucial to understand how their distinct elastic properties affect the member's response under load. The analysis involves assessing stress and strain distributions using the transformed section concept, which accounts for variations in material properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Toughening Elastomer while Lowering Hysteresis Using Peptide Cross-Linkers.

Wenqing Ji1, Huiyao Xu1, Xintao Wen1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|October 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed tough, low-hysteresis elastomers using peptide cross-linkers. These advanced materials offer high ductility, crack resistance, and strong underwater adhesion, enabling novel sensor applications.

Keywords:
elastomersenergy dissipationhigh toughnesslow hysteresispeptide-cross-linkedα-helix

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Elastomers often exhibit high hysteresis when toughened.
  • Sacrificial bonds can improve toughness but increase hysteresis.
  • A trade-off exists between elastomer toughness and hysteresis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize peptide-cross-linked elastomers with enhanced toughness and low hysteresis.
  • To investigate the mechanical, adhesive, and fatigue properties of these novel elastomers.
  • To demonstrate the utility of these elastomers in a composite hydrogel strain sensor.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of poly(benzyl acrylate) elastomers using peptide cross-linkers.
  • Characterization of mechanical properties including toughness, ductility, and fatigue resistance.
  • Evaluation of adhesive properties, particularly underwater adhesion stability.
  • Fabrication and testing of a composite hydrogel strain sensor.

Main Results:

  • Peptide-cross-linked elastomers exhibited significantly enhanced toughness and lowered hysteresis.
  • The material showed high ductility (4700% break strain), crack-insensitivity (1.25 × 10⁴ J m⁻² fracture toughness), and fatigue resistance (9.27 × 10² J m⁻² fatigue threshold).
  • Excellent adhesion strength (up to 5.50 × 10² kPa) and long-term underwater stability were achieved.
  • A composite hydrogel strain sensor successfully monitored human motion in air and underwater.

Conclusions:

  • Poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)-based peptide cross-linkers effectively overcome the toughness-hysteresis trade-off in elastomers.
  • The resulting elastomers possess a unique combination of high toughness, low hysteresis, high ductility, and robust adhesion.
  • These advanced elastomers are promising for applications in flexible electronics, sensors, and underwater devices.