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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
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The Missing Half of Language Learning in Current Developmental Language Models: Exogenous and Endogenous Linguistic

Nan Zhao1, Xufeng Duan2,3, Zhenguang G Cai2,3

  • 1Department of Translation, Interpreting and Intercultural Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR.

Open Mind : Discoveries in Cognitive Science
|October 10, 2025
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Summary

Developmental language models (DLMs) can better mimic child language acquisition by incorporating endogenous processes like inner speech and sleep-based learning, alongside external linguistic input. This holistic approach is key to advancing artificial intelligence in language development.

Keywords:
developmental language modelsinner speechlabel feedbacklanguage learningprivate speechsleep consolidation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Current developmental language models (DLMs) primarily focus on exogenous linguistic input.
  • Child language acquisition is significantly influenced by endogenous processes, which are often overlooked in DLMs.
  • Endogenous processes include non-linguistic perception co-option, private speech, and neural replay during sleep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a more comprehensive framework for DLMs that accounts for both exogenous and endogenous linguistic input.
  • To bridge the gap between artificial and human language learning by integrating key aspects of child language acquisition.
  • To redefine 'linguistic exposure' to include internal cognitive and neural mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework integrating exogenous and endogenous linguistic input.
  • Proposal for DLM enhancement through label feedback, self-generated speech, and sleep-like consolidation.
  • Emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration for empirical grounding.

Main Results:

  • Current DLMs do not replicate the amplification and refinement of language through endogenous processes observed in children.
  • Integrating endogenous factors can significantly improve the efficiency and naturalness of DLMs.
  • A redefined 'linguistic exposure' is crucial for developing more human-like language acquisition models.

Conclusions:

  • DLMs need to incorporate endogenous processes (inner speech, sleep replay, cognitive co-option) to truly mirror child language acquisition.
  • Future DLMs should integrate label feedback, self-generated speech, and sleep consolidation for enhanced learning.
  • Interdisciplinary research is vital to develop DLMs that reflect the complexity of human language development.