Cell membrane biomimetic nanoplatforms: a new strategy for immune escape and precision targeted therapy

Cell membrane biomimetic nanoplatforms represent an innovative approach to addressing key challenges in nanodrug delivery systems by encapsulating natural cell membranes onto nanomaterials. This strategy confers unique biological properties that overcome immune clearance, extend in vivo circulation time, and enhance targeting specificity. This review systematically examines the construction strategies of these nanoplatforms and provides an in-depth analysis of immune escape mechanisms across different membrane sources-including erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet, and tumor cell membranes-and their applications in precision-targeted therapies. We comprehensively explore cell membrane extraction and purification methods, nanocarrier selection, functionalization strategies, and membrane-nanocarrier integration techniques. The therapeutic applications of these platforms are examined across tumor treatment, inflammatory conditions, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. Despite their significant clinical potential, challenges remain in large-scale production, standardized preparation protocols, and long-term safety assessment. This review also discusses future directions, including smart-responsive nanoplatform development, novel membrane source exploration, and multifunctionalization strategies, providing a theoretical foundation and technical reference for clinical translation of cell membrane biomimetic nanoplatforms.