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Ghrelin-GHSR-LEAP2 system in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
Yueli Pu1,2, Jianmei Yang3, Wei Li4
1Endocrinology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
Abstract:
The Ghrelin-GHSR-LEAP2 system plays a multifaceted role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ghrelin, through the activation of its receptor GHS-R1a, contributes to hyperglycemia by suppressing insulin secretion, inducing insulin resistance, and promoting hepatic glucose production. In contrast, LEAP2, an endogenous antagonist and inverse agonist of GHS-R1a, mitigates these effects by enhancing insulin secretion and improving glucose tolerance. Notably, ghrelin also demonstrates protective properties against diabetic complications through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. This duality highlights the complexity of the therapeutic targeting of the ghrelin-GHSR axis. This review provides an updated overview of the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of the ghrelin-GHSR-LEAP2 system in T2DM and discusses the therapeutic potential and challenges of modulating this pathway.
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