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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

24.0K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
24.0K
Properties of Organometallic Compounds01:23

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

1.6K
Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.
1.6K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.2K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.2K
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

26.3K
In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
26.3K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

30.6K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
30.6K
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

21.5K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers
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Author Spotlight: Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

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Multivalent Ion-Conducting Metal- and Covalent- Organic Frameworks.

Zhilin Du1, Wonmi Lee2,3, Dawei Feng1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.

ACS Applied Energy Materials
|October 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show promise as ion conductors for multivalent-ion batteries. Their tunable structures and incorporated ionic groups enhance ion transport for next-generation energy storage.

Keywords:
cost-effectivenesscovalent organic frameworksmetal organic frameworksmultivalent-ion conductorssolid electrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess tunable nanoporous architectures.
  • Incorporating ionic groups into these frameworks creates additional ion hopping sites.
  • These materials are promising candidates for ion conductors in multivalent-ion batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structures and ion transport mechanisms in MOFs and COFs for multivalent ion conduction.
  • To outline design principles for enhancing ionic conductivity in these materials.
  • To explore the applications of MOFs/COFs in multivalent batteries and propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of framework flexibility and functionalization effects on ion transport.
  • Comparison of various synthetic methods (e.g., grinding, milling, reflux, hydrothermal, interfacial) for MOF/COF preparation.
  • Analysis of structural design principles for maximizing ionic conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Framework flexibility and functionalization reduce activation energies for bulky multivalent cations.
  • Incorporation of ionic groups is key to maximizing ionic conductivity.
  • MOFs/COFs demonstrate potential as solid electrolytes, membranes, and interfacial coatings.

Conclusions:

  • MOFs and COFs offer tunable pathways for efficient multivalent ion transport.
  • Strategic design and synthesis are crucial for developing practical MOF/COF conductors.
  • These materials hold significant potential for advancing multivalent-ion energy storage systems.