Involvement of Phosphate and the Consequences of Its High Consumption in Energy Metabolism and Muscle Functions

Phosphate is an important element in energy metabolism and muscle function and is essential for numerous biological processes. This review emphasizes the implications of increased phosphate intake, particularly from processed foods supplemented with phosphate additives. These dietary habits raise substantial concerns regarding their potential health effects, including the exacerbation of metabolic disorders. Elevated phosphate levels disrupt the delicate balance between energy production and utilization, markedly influencing key metabolic processes in skeletal muscle. Excessive phosphate intake may impair mitochondrial function, reduce adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and alter phosphocreatine levels, which are vital for effective muscle contraction and endurance. Additionally, chronic high-phosphate consumption has been linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to cardiovascular complications and muscle atrophy, especially in susceptible populations, such as those with chronic kidney disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of phosphate metabolic functions and the detrimental effects of excessive phosphate intake on energy metabolism and muscular performance. We provide insights into the adverse health effects linked to elevated phosphate levels, particularly focusing on the consequences on muscle strength and overall muscular function. In addition, we highlight the gaps in the literature and propose future studies to understand the effects of high-phosphate diets on energy metabolism, muscle function, and structural integrity through molecular processes.