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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model

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Published on: April 15, 2021

Designed Versus Achieved 3D Mandibular Teeth Movements and Influencing Factors After First Premolar Extraction With

Waseem S Al-Gumaei^1,2, Reem Al-Attab³, Xiaoqi Zhang¹

¹Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research

|October 10, 2025

Summary

Significant discrepancies exist between planned and actual mandibular tooth movements with Invisalign clear aligners after premolar extractions. Factors like aligner generation and attachments influence movement accuracy.

Keywords:

achieved tooth movement designed tooth movement first premolar extractions influencing factors new digital root model

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Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Biomaterials Science
Dental Technology

Background:

Clear aligner therapy is increasingly popular for orthodontic treatment.
Predicting and achieving precise tooth movements is crucial for treatment success.
First premolar extractions are common in treating crowding and bimaxillary protrusion.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare designed versus achieved three-dimensional (3D) mandibular tooth movements in patients treated with Invisalign.
To identify factors influencing the accuracy of tooth movements during clear aligner therapy following premolar extractions.

Main Methods:

Retrospective study of 33 adult patients treated with Invisalign after first premolar extractions.
3D models (pre-treatment, designed, post-treatment) analyzed using Clincheck and Geomagic software.
Statistical analysis to assess discrepancies in linear and angular tooth movements.

Main Results:

Significant discrepancies observed between designed and achieved mesiodistal and buccolingual angular tooth movements.
Non-significant discrepancies found for most linear movements, except for specific teeth.
Aligner generation (G6), attachment design, temporary anchorage devices (TADs), and patient variables impacted accuracy.

Conclusions:

Substantial deviations occur between planned and actual 3D mandibular tooth movements with Invisalign after premolar extractions.
Angular movements show greater discrepancies than linear movements.
Aligner generation, attachments, TADs, and patient factors are key determinants of movement accuracy, informing virtual treatment planning.