Physiological and ecological interactions between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and microalgae in aquatic...

PER: and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are recognized as representative persistent organic pollutants in aquatic environments. Their inherent biological toxicity poses significant risks to the stability of aquatic ecosystems. As key primary producers, microalgae play an indispensable role in maintaining the integrity of the aquatic food web. Due to their high environmental sensitivity, microalgae generally serve as bioindicators for monitoring anthropogenic pollution. This study systematically reviews the physiological and ecological interactions between PFAS and typical microalgal species in aquatic environments. It analyzes the driving factors influencing PFAS adsorption and uptake by microalgae, the impact of PFAS on microalgal physiological and ecological characteristics, and the combined effects of PFAS with other environmental stressors on microalgae. Additionally, unresolved issues and future research priorities, such as the potential applications of microalgae in PFAS detection and remediation, are highlighted. This review comprehensively summarizes the interaction processes and mechanisms between PFAS and microalgae, providing theoretical support for assessing PFAS risks within aquatic ecosystems and elucidating their potential connections to other pollution events (e.g., Microcystis blooms).