Decoding the role of zinc finger proteins in urological malignancies

Zinc finger proteins (ZNFs), among the most expansive families of transcription factors in eukaryotes, are distinguished by their distinctive zinc-coordinated motifs, which facilitate intricate interactions with DNA, RNA, and other proteins. These multifaceted interactions are central to their roles in regulating gene expression and modulating key signaling pathways, thus governing a spectrum of cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have elucidated the crucial involvement of ZNFs in the pathogenesis of urological malignancies, including kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers. The inherent complexity and heterogeneity of these cancers necessitate an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms underpinning tumor progression, with ZNFs emerging as central regulators in both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive capacities. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the diverse roles of ZNFs in urological cancers, highlighting their mechanistic actions, interactions with pivotal signaling networks, and contributions to the tumorigenic landscape. Furthermore, it delves into the translational potential of ZNFs, contemplating their utility as diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic tools, and promising therapeutic targets in clinical oncology.