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Related Concept Videos

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
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Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Characterizing and predicting refractory rumination in obsessive compulsive disorder.

Mary E McNamara1, Nicholas Kim2, Jacob A Nota1

  • 1McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 2 West, Room 305, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, United States of America.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|October 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) continue to ruminate after treatment. Baseline rumination strongly predicts post-treatment rumination, highlighting a gap in current OCD therapies.

Keywords:
Obsessive compulsive disorderRumination

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Rumination is a significant issue for individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • Standard OCD treatments do not typically address rumination.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding rumination changes after exposure and response prevention (ERP) and identifying individuals who may not improve.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence of rumination difficulties in patients undergoing partial hospitalization/residential treatment for OCD post-treatment.
  • To identify pre-treatment predictors of persistent rumination using machine learning.
  • To examine the impact of rumination on OCD symptom severity during and after treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 283 patients receiving OCD treatment.
  • Utilized Elastic Net and Random Forest machine learning models to predict post-treatment rumination.
  • Employed mixed-effects modeling to assess the relationship between rumination and OCD severity over time.

Main Results:

  • Minimal change in rumination was observed from admission to discharge for the sample.
  • Over one-third of patients showed no improvement in rumination severity.
  • Baseline rumination was the strongest predictor of elevated rumination at discharge.
  • Machine learning models explained approximately 20% of the variance in post-treatment rumination.
  • Discharge rumination predicted OCD severity at discharge, but not at follow-up points.

Conclusions:

  • Rumination remains a persistent problem for a substantial number of individuals with OCD, even after treatment.
  • Current treatment approaches may not adequately address rumination in a significant portion of patients.
  • Further research and targeted interventions for rumination in OCD are warranted.