Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

619
Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
619
Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

549
Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
549
Borderline Personality Disorder01:25

Borderline Personality Disorder

524
Borderline Personality Disorder is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition characterized by pervasive instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and impulse control. This instability manifests in extreme emotional reactions, fear of abandonment, and self-destructive behaviors. The disorder significantly impacts daily functioning, often leading to distress in both personal and professional domains.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions
Borderline Personality...
524
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

1.0K
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
1.0K
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

781
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
781
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

491
Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin...
491

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in bipolar disorder: implications for clinical sub-phenotypes and lithium response.

International journal of bipolar disorders·2026
Same author

The Distinct Role of Family History and Polygenic Risk Scores of Psychiatric Disorders on Lithium Response in Bipolar Disorder.

Bipolar disorders·2026
Same author

Age and Sex Differences in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.

Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes·2026
Same author

White matter microstructure in relatives of people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: an ENIGMA meta-analysis.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same author

Accelerated biological aging in bipolar disorder as determined by artificial intelligence-based electrocardiographic assessment.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in bipolar disorder: implications for clinical sub-phenotypes and lithium response.

International journal of bipolar disorders·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Effects of neuronavigation-guided rTMS on serum BDNF, TrkB and VGF levels in depressive patients with suicidal ideation" [J. Affect. Disord. 323 (2023) 617-623].

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances reward-effort efficiency in severe major depressive disorder.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Age-varying associations between attitudes toward suicide and suicidal ideation in Chinese psychiatric outpatients.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Aripiprazole once-monthly for patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder: Number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

The perils of perfection: A prospective population-based cohort study of perfectionism and depression in young adults.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Dissociable patterns of alpha-band connectivity and structural-functional coupling in major depressive disorder with mixed features.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:42

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

1.2K

Acid accumulation in bipolar disorder.

Andres Marcelo Trevino-Alvarez1, Vanessa Pazdernik2, Manuel Gardea-Resendez3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|October 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People with bipolar disorder (BD) show greater acid accumulation (AA), indicated by altered acid-base balance. This acid accumulation is even more pronounced in individuals with BD and alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS).

More Related Videos

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

10.1K
Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

15.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:42

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

1.2K
Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

10.1K
Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

15.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Acid accumulation (AA) is a metabolic state characterized by increased hydrogen ion concentration, often reflected by low bicarbonate (HCO3), high anion gap (AG), or corrected anion gap (CAG).
  • AA is linked to various health conditions including obesity, insulin resistance, and kidney disease, which are also prevalent in bipolar disorder (BD).
  • Despite the high prevalence of associated factors, AA has not been previously investigated in individuals with BD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the presence and extent of acid accumulation (AA) in individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD).
  • To compare acid accumulation levels between individuals with BD and healthy controls.
  • To further investigate acid accumulation in individuals with BD experiencing alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) compared to those with BD alone and controls.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of electronic health record data from a biobank cohort.
  • Inclusion criteria comprised individuals with BD (n=733), controls (n=548), and BD with AWS (BD+AWS, n=399).
  • Statistical analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to compare acid-base parameters.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with BD exhibited significantly lower bicarbonate (HCO3) levels and higher anion gap (AG) and corrected anion gap (CAG) compared to controls.
  • Adjusted analyses confirmed higher AG and CAG in the BD group versus controls (AG: 10.8 vs 10.1 mEq/L; CAG: 11.7 vs 10.4 mEq/L).
  • The BD+AWS group demonstrated markedly higher acid accumulation compared to both the BD group and controls (all p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • This study reveals a greater degree of acid accumulation in individuals with bipolar disorder.
  • Acid accumulation is significantly exacerbated in individuals with bipolar disorder and co-occurring alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
  • Further research into the risk factors and mechanisms of acid accumulation in BD is warranted for potential personalized prevention strategies.