Eco-friendly and efficient electro-membrane extraction coupled with HPLC for simultaneous determination of...

The accurate and efficient determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in biological matrices is crucial for clinical monitoring. However, conventional sample preparation methods like liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction are often time-consuming and rely on significant amounts of hazardous organic solvents, which conflicts with the principles of green chemistry. These challenges necessitate the development of greener and more efficient extraction techniques. Here, an electro-membrane extraction (EME) platform was developed that utilizes a novel natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvent (NADES-SUPRAS) as a supported liquid membrane. This approach provides an effective and environmentally sustainable solution for extracting NSAIDs from biological samples.

This green analytical chemistry approach, combined with high-performance liquid chromatography, enables the simultaneous and successful extraction of three drugs -diclofenac, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen -from biological samples. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of analytes were investigated, including the type and composition of the supported liquid membrane, voltage, pH of the donor and acceptor phases, extraction time, HF length, salt addition, and stirring speed. The method showed good linearity, with correlation coefficient values exceeding 0.9901. The detection limit for the analytes was 8 μg L^-1, and the quantification limit was 25 μg L^-1 in water. The method was successfully applied to the determination of NSAIDs in urine and plasma samples, with relative recoveries ranging from 88.3 % to 104.4 %, indicating its reliability and accuracy.

This work establishes for the first time a suitable and efficient analytical platform using a wholly fatty acid-based NADES-SUPRAS as a supported liquid membrane for EME of NSAIDs. The synergy of EME with this novel green solvent offers a highly sustainable solution, confirmed by an AGREE score of 0.72. It ensures high-throughput sample preparation with a rapid 20-min extraction time. The method's reliability in challenging clinical matrices makes it a significant advancement for therapeutic drug monitoring and environmental analysis.