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Exploring the Impacts of Fluoride-Induced Thyroid Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review
1Zoology Laboratory II, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Biological Trace Element Research
|October 10, 2025
Summary
Excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water harms thyroid function by disrupting iodine metabolism and hormone production. This can lead to hypothyroidism, impacting development and overall health.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Endocrinology
- Toxicology
Background:
- Fluoride in drinking water is a global health issue.
- While beneficial for dental health at low levels, excessive fluoride causes various health problems.
- Thyroid function disruption is a significant concern associated with high fluoride intake.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review existing literature on fluoride's effects on the thyroid gland.
- To consolidate findings on the mechanisms and consequences of fluoride-induced thyroid dysfunction.
- To highlight the thyroid's susceptibility to fluoride accumulation.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar.
- Keywords included "changes caused by fluoride in thyroid" and "fluoride induced toxicity on the thyroid gland".
- Literature review spanned from 1976 to the present.
Main Results:
- Fluoride interferes with iodine metabolism and uptake by the thyroid gland.
- It disrupts triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) production, leading to decreased levels and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Fluoride exposure causes oxidative stress, downregulates antioxidant and thyroid-related genes, and induces histopathological changes like apoptosis and hyperplasia.
Conclusions:
- The thyroid gland is highly susceptible to fluoride accumulation and toxicity.
- Fluoride exposure adversely affects thyroid function, potentially leading to hypothyroidism.
- This is particularly concerning during fetal and early developmental stages, impacting cognitive and physical development.
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