Polycystic ovarian syndrome a risk factor for non-communicable diseases: insights into recent research and prevention...

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent and complex endocrine disorder affecting 8-13% of women of reproductive age worldwide. It manifests as a spectrum of clinical symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, acne, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, infertility, ovarian cysts, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. Women with PCOS are at a significantly higher risk of developing chronic conditions, such as insulin resistance, gestational diabetes, endometrial cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and infertility. The etiology of PCOS is multifactorial, with unhealthy dietary patterns, environmental factors, genetic predispositions, and hormonal imbalances being recognized as critical contributors to its pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the intricate association between PCOS and non-communicable diseases, including dyslipidemia, depression, obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes. It also explored the underlying mechanisms linking these conditions to PCOS, offering a detailed perspective on the systemic impact of the disorder. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in PCOS management, highlighting the role of lifestyle modifications in dietary interventions and emerging therapeutic strategies. By integrating these insights, this review aimed to provide a holistic understanding of PCOS and its management to improve clinical outcomes and enhance the quality of life of affected individuals.