Therapeutic Advances in Hereditary Angioedema: A Focus on Present and Future Options

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by unpredictable and potentially life-threatening episodes of swelling, driven primarily by excessive bradykinin production. These episodes commonly involve the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and upper airway, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Recent advances in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of HAE have transformed clinical care, enabling the development of highly targeted treatments that disrupt critical steps within the kallikrein-kinin pathway. Current on-demand therapies rapidly relieve acute symptoms, while contemporary prophylactic strategies have substantially reduced attack frequency and improved patient autonomy and health-related quality of life. Emerging therapies-including novel oral agents, monoclonal antibodies, RNA therapies, and pioneering gene editing approaches-continue to evolve, aiming to simplify treatment and further personalize care. These innovative treatments collectively strive to address remaining unmet needs, ensuring broader accessibility, convenience, and long-term sustainability of care for individuals living with HAE. This narrative review highlights the progression of therapeutic options in HAE, summarizing current advances and exploring future strategies toward personalized and patient-centered care.