Review: Factors affecting the growth performance of domestic squab

As living standards have risen, the popularity of pigeon meat has increased because of its high protein content, low fat content, and soft texture. Accordingly, pigeons are the fourth most popular type of poultry in China. More than 1.6 billion squabs from 111 million pairs of breeding pigeons were processed in 2021. Increasing the growth performance of squabs is crucial to industry development, efficiency, and economic benefits. Squab growth is influenced by genetics, nutrition, disease prevention, environmental conditions, and the gut microbiota, all of which collectively affect squab health. This review examines the effects of these factors on squab growth and provides theoretical support and practical guidance for breeding and research. The development of skeletal muscle is crucial for determining growth potential. Previous studies on genetic regulation have pinpointed genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the growth of skeletal muscles in squabs. Molecular breeding technologies can target these genetic elements to increase squab growth potential. Adequate nutrition is crucial for squab growth, and pigeon milk provides essential nutrients and immune support; however, feed type, nutritional balance, and feeding method also significantly affect the growth of squabs. Therefore, it is vital to optimize a feeding plan. Understanding disease symptoms and implementing preventive measures are essential to healthy squab growth. Environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, and stocking density also play significant roles in reducing stress and disease and supporting healthy growth. Moreover, the gut microbial balance, which is influenced by probiotics and functional feeds, is critical to nutrient absorption and immune function. Despite existing research on these factors, their relationships and combined effects on growth require further study; exploring these complex interactions will provide a foundation for improved squab farming.