Clean water future: The role of chitosan hydrogel nanocomposites in wastewater management

Chitosan-based hydrogel nanocomposites have appeared as advanced materials for the treatment of wastewater and offering high adsorption efficacy, structural flexibility and environmental safety. This review offers a thorough explanation on the synthesis of chitosan via chemical, enzymatic and fermentation methods, as well as its structural characteristics. The incorporation of nanomaterials like carbon-based substances, clays and metal oxides significantly improves the adsorption tendency and reusability of hydrogels and making them perfect for wastewater treatment. Additionally, biodegradability and recyclability of these materials further enhance their sustainability. The review also explores adsorption mechanisms, factors influencing adsorption behavior and characterization techniques for evaluating hydrogel nanocomposites. Lastly, important issues and potential directions for future study are discussed to pave the way for improved and large-scale environmental applications.