Step Count Disparities Across Japan by Commuting Modes and Population Density: Focusing on Within-Week Variations...

Different commuting modes may contribute to overall physical activity. Additionally, the choice of commuting modes is shaped by the built environment, including transportation infrastructure which reflects the needs of the population at specific locations and times of the week. This study examines the differences in daily step counts according to commuting mode and population density, focusing on within-week variations.

We analyzed step count data collected from the smartphones of 938,568 individuals across Japan on a typical weekday and a weekend day with minimal precipitation. Personal characteristics, including commuting mode, were obtained from a questionnaire. Population density was employed as a proxy for the built environment.

We found that the estimated step counts on the weekend day were generally lower than those on the weekday across all groups defined by commuting mode and population density, with the difference between the 2 days being more pronounced among public transport users than among motor vehicle users, especially in low-density areas. Despite smaller disparities among those using different commuting modes on the weekend day, the overall pattern remained consistent with the weekday, with rail and pedestrian commuters having the highest step counts and motor vehicle users the lowest.

These findings further support the need to address step count disparities by promoting modal shifts from motor vehicles to rail and walking. Furthermore, this study highlights the value of integrating comprehensive data sources in the ongoing assessment of population health and in guiding effective public health policies.