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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
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Step Count Disparities Across Japan by Commuting Modes and Population Density: Focusing on Within-Week Variations

Kimihiro Hino1, Yinan Chen1, Masamitsu Kamada2

  • 1Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Journal of Physical Activity & Health
|October 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Weekend step counts are lower than weekdays, especially for public transport users in less populated areas. Shifting from cars to walking or rail can increase daily physical activity.

Keywords:
active transportbuilt environmenthealth disparitieswalkability

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Urban Planning
  • Physical Activity Research

Background:

  • Commuting modes significantly influence daily physical activity levels.
  • The built environment and population density shape transportation choices.
  • Understanding within-week variations in physical activity is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine differences in daily step counts based on commuting mode and population density.
  • To analyze variations in physical activity between weekdays and weekend days.
  • To investigate the impact of the built environment on commuting-related physical activity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of step count data from 938,568 smartphone users in Japan.
  • Data collected on a typical weekday and a weekend day.
  • Commuting mode and personal characteristics obtained via questionnaire; population density as a proxy for the built environment.

Main Results:

  • Weekend step counts were generally lower than weekday counts across all commuting modes and population densities.
  • The weekday-weekend difference in step counts was more significant for public transport users, particularly in low-density areas.
  • Rail and pedestrian commuters consistently showed higher step counts than motor vehicle users on both weekdays and weekends.

Conclusions:

  • Promoting modal shifts from motor vehicles to rail and walking is recommended to reduce step count disparities.
  • Integrating diverse data sources is valuable for population health assessment and policy development.
  • Addressing built environment factors can enhance public health through increased physical activity.