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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD
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Organism-Specific Sequence Motifs Link Ribosomal RNAs to Brain Disorders.

Isidore Rigoutsos1, Stepan Nersisyan1, Eric Londin1

  • 1Computational Medicine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall #M81, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|October 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organism-specific sequence motifs in ribosomal RNA and spacers are linked to nervous system genes across species. These motifs, unique to primates in humans, are implicated in brain disorders and offer new diagnostic and treatment avenues.

Keywords:
Hirschsprung's diseaseLINE-1LINE-2autism spectrum disorderaxonsbipolar disorderdendritesepilepsyinsectsneuronsprimatespyknonsribosomal RNAsrodentsschizophreniasynapsessystem developmentworms

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transcribed spacers contain sequence motifs.
  • These motifs exhibit organism-specific patterns.
  • A potential link between these motifs and nervous system genes is hypothesized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of organism-specific sequence motifs in 45S ribosomal RNAs and transcribed spacers.
  • To determine the association of these motifs with nervous system genes, particularly those linked to brain disorders.
  • To explore the evolutionary conservation and regulatory roles of these motifs.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of rRNA and spacer sequences across species (humans, mice, fruit flies, worms).
  • Identification and characterization of organism-specific sequence motifs.
  • Comparative analysis of motif distribution in nervous system genes and genes associated with brain disorders.
  • Experimental validation of motif functions as RNA interaction sites.
  • Analysis of motif overlap with genetic polymorphisms and gene expression data in brain disorders.

Main Results:

  • Thousands of organism-specific motifs were identified in human 45S rRNAs and spacers, predominantly associated with nervous system genes.
  • 1,046 of these motifs were found in human genes linked to brain disorders like autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
  • Motifs and their locations in human nervous system genes are primate-specific and function as regulatory elements in RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions.
  • Intergenic copies of motifs overlap with polymorphisms associated with brain disorders.
  • Specific motif combinations are enriched in downregulated genes in cortical regions of autism spectrum disorder patients.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic architecture, rRNA/spacer sequences, and nervous system genes have co-evolved through conserved motifs over 600 million years.
  • These motifs represent a significant, previously unrecognized regulatory layer in gene expression.
  • The findings provide a basis for developing novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutics for human brain disorders.