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Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

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Emerging Implantable Tibial Nerve Stimulation Devices for Overactive Bladder.

Thar Htet Nyan¹, Eunkyoung Park¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea.

International Neurourology Journal

|October 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Implantable percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (iPTNS) offers new hope for overactive bladder (OAB) patients. This review compares iPTNS devices, finding significant differences in effectiveness and design, highlighting the need for further research on long-term results.

Keywords:

Electrical stimulation Implantable neurostimulators Tibial nerve Urinary bladder, Overactive Urinary incontinence, Urge

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Area of Science:

Urology
Biomedical Engineering
Neuromodulation

Background:

Overactive bladder (OAB) significantly impairs quality of life (QoL).
Conventional OAB treatments have limitations.
Implantable percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (iPTNS) presents a novel therapeutic avenue.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of available iPTNS devices for OAB management.
To evaluate clinical outcomes, technical specifications, regulatory status, and innovative features of iPTNS devices.
To identify key differences and limitations among various iPTNS devices.

Main Methods:

A narrative synthesis approach was employed.
Review of clinical trials, technical reports, and regulatory documents.
Focused analysis on 7 distinct iPTNS devices for OAB treatment.

Main Results:

Significant variations observed in clinical efficacy, including health-related QoL (HRQoL) improvements and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) reduction.
Substantial differences in technical design, power sources, and implantation methods across devices.
Varied regulatory status, with some devices FDA-approved and others in development.

Conclusions:

iPTNS devices demonstrate considerable promise for managing OAB.
Gaps exist concerning long-term outcomes and real-world patient adherence.
Future innovations like closed-loop neuromodulation could enhance efficacy and personalize therapy.