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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unlocking the Mysteries of Oral Potential Malignancies
Published on: August 11, 2023
Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia and Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia and Its Biomarker Predictors: A
Mohammed Taib Fatih1, Mohammed Khalid Mahmood2, Balkees Taha Garib3
1Department of Dentistry, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Background:
Oral leukoplakia (OL) represents the most common oral potentially malignant disorder globally, with highly variable reported malignant transformation (MT) rates creating challenges for evidence-based clinical management.
Objective:
To systematically synthesize evidence on MT prevalence in OL and evaluate potential predictive biomarkers through an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Methods:
Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases through July 2025. Twenty-seven systematic reviews encompassing more than 125,000 patients were included. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models, with quality assessed using AMSTAR 2 and GRADE approaches.
Results:
Transformation rates were considerably higher in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (48%) than in OL (6%). Females exhibited almost twice the MT rate of males (64% vs. 35%), while tongue lesions showed the highest site-specific risk (39%). The most promising predictive biomarker with a moderate level of evidence quality was DNA aneuploidy.
Conclusions:
Because of its high malignant potential, OL necessitates risk-based surveillance protocols. While the bulk of other predictors requires further investigation, DNA aneuploidy shows potential for clinical application.
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