Exploring the neurological pathways of P. ginseng memory-enhancing effects

Panax ginseng, a widely studied herbal remedy, has garnered significant interest for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, particularly in memory improvement. This narrative review, adhering to the SANRA (Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles) criteria, collected evidence via a search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE (2000-2023). Key findings suggest that P. ginseng enhances memory through multiple molecular pathways, including modulation of neurotransmitter systems such as acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. The herb's active components, known as ginsenosides, interact with these neurotransmitter systems to regulate synaptic plasticity, neuronal communication, and memory formation processes in the brain. Furthermore, P. ginseng demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attenuating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are known contributors to cognitive decline and memory impairment. By reducing neuronal damage and preserving brain health, P. ginseng helps support optimal cognitive function and memory retention. Moreover, P. ginseng influences various signaling pathways involved in memory consolidation and retrieval, including the CREB pathway, BDNF signaling, and the mTOR pathway, through these molecular pathways. P. ginseng promotes neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and LTP, ultimately enhancing memory performance. This review underscores the need for standardized methodologies and longitudinal studies to optimize therapeutic applications of P. ginseng in memory-related disorders.