Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 15, 2026
11:45
Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing
Published on: August 17, 2022
2.6K
Are Artificial Intelligence-generated Patient Leaflets Ready for Clinical Use? A Readability Comparison across Common
Jamila Tukur Jido1, Ahmed Al Wizni2
1Department of Geriatric Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports
|October 13, 2025
Summary
Professional patient information leaflets are more readable than those generated by AI. Current artificial intelligence (AI) models produce complex health content, highlighting the need for clinician review of AI-generated materials.
Area of Science:
- Medical Informatics
- Health Communication
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Background:
- Readable patient information is crucial for informed consent and treatment adherence.
- Large language models (LLMs) show potential for generating health education content.
- Systematic comparisons of AI-generated versus professional patient information leaflets (PILs) are lacking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the readability of PILs generated by three AI platforms (ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek) with those from the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England).
- To evaluate AI-generated health content for three common orthopedic procedures.
Main Methods:
- Analyzed 12 PILs (4 per procedure) using five readability metrics: Flesch reading ease, Flesch-Kincaid grade level, Gunning Fog Index, SMOG Index, and Coleman-Liau Index.
- Used standardized prompts for AI models and RCS England leaflets as professional benchmarks.
Main Results:
- RCS England leaflets exhibited superior readability (Flesch Reading Ease >70, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level 5.52-7.15).
- AI-generated leaflets often exceeded recommended complexity (Grade Level >12, Gunning Fog/SMOG indicating post-secondary reading).
- ChatGPT was most complex; Gemini and DeepSeek were intermediate but suboptimal.
Conclusions:
- Current AI-generated PILs do not consistently meet readability standards for patient accessibility.
- Professionally authored materials remain more accessible to the general patient population.
- Clinician oversight and quality assurance are essential for AI-integrated patient education materials.
Related Concept Videos
01:10Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure
815
Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the...
815
01:13Patient-centered Care
2.9K
Patient-centered care involves delivering care beyond inpatient hospitalization. Reflective practice can enhance a patient-centered approach. Reflective practice is a process of reasoning that considers all aspects of the present situation, including practicalities, learning from personal practice, and consideration of patient needs. Patients appreciate care decisions made while considering their input. Involving the patient in their care provides the patient with a sense of contribution rather...
2.9K
01:21Methods of Documentation III: PIE
2.0K
Problem-intervention-evaluation (PIE) is a systematic approach to documentation used in healthcare settings for clinical decision-making and patient care planning. It is a structured approach to organizing patient data based on problems, interventions, and evaluations. Here's a breakdown of its key features and considerations:
2.0K
01:29Documentation in Long-Term and Home Healthcare Setting
1.4K
Documentation in long-term care facilities and home healthcare settings is crucial for ensuring continuous, coordinated, and comprehensive care for patients. Each setting has its specific documentation processes and tools:
Long-Term Care Facilities
Long-Term Care Facilities
1.4K
01:11Guidelines for Writing Outcome
3.6K
When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
3.6K
01:11Clinical Trials: Overview
4.6K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
4.6K