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Cell-instructive microfibers enable programmable alignment of bioprinted hMSC.

A Neuhäusler1, N Kötting1, L Keuper1

  • 1Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute for printing science, Darmstadt, Germany.

Bioactive Materials
|October 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel microfluidic spinning method to create collagen microfibers for 3D bioprinting. These microfibers enable precise control over hydrogel properties and tissue anisotropy, enhancing cell function and differentiation.

Keywords:
3D-bioprintingBiofabricationCell-instructive biomaterialsCollagen microfiberControllable anisotropyProgrammable metamaterialsWet-spinning

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Fabricating hierarchical tissues with controlled anisotropy is challenging in 3D bioprinting.
  • Multi-functional microfibers as bioink additives offer a promising solution for cell-instructive scaffolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microfluidic spinning process for collagen microfibers.
  • To investigate the impact of these microfibers on hydrogel properties and 3D bioprinting.
  • To assess the biofunctionality and cell differentiation potential of microfiber-enhanced hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Microfluidic spinning to produce collagen microfibers (5-50 μm diameter).
  • Fragmentation of microfibers and integration into agarose-hyaluronan hydrogels.
  • 3D bioprinting of hydrogel structures with controlled microfiber orientation.
  • Assessment of hydrogel rheology, mechanical properties, and cell behavior (hMSCs, PC12, C2C12).

Main Results:

  • Adjustable microfiber diameters and lengths were achieved.
  • Microfibers tuned hydrogel viscosity and enabled precise control over printed strand diameters (0.3-1.4 mm).
  • Collagen microfiber orientation (parallel/orthogonal) directed tissue anisotropy.
  • Enhanced cell alignment (>80%), 3D network formation (hMSCs), and successful differentiation (PC12, C2C12) were observed.

Conclusions:

  • The microfluidic spinning of collagen microfibers is a viable method for 3D bioprinting.
  • This approach allows for cross-scale organization and tunable anisotropy in engineered tissues.
  • The developed bioink shows significant potential for regenerative medicine applications.