Seasonal Variation of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Literature Review

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a serious ocular emergency often linked to retinal tears and vitreoretinal traction. While established risk factors include age, myopia, and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), the role of environmental variables remains unclear. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the seasonal variation of RRD across different climates and geographical regions. By reviewing and synthesizing the latest findings, this study seeks to enhance understanding of the seasonal patterns of RRD and to inform the development of preventive strategies aimed at addressing or reducing its incidence. A systematic literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Keywords related to RRD and climatic factors were used. Inclusion criteria focused on observational studies published in English within the past decade, involving adult populations. Studies were screened by title, abstract, and full text, with reference lists reviewed for additional sources. All studies employed a retrospective review methodology and were conducted across two continents: Asia (62.5%) and Europe (37.5%). Two studies encompassed entire countries. The patient populations typically had a mean age ranging from 50 to 69 years, with a higher incidence of RRD observed in males. Most studies quantified RRD cases within specific time intervals, while two studies calculated incidence rates relative to the sample size. Four studies reported a statistically significant seasonal association, with the highest incidence observed in the summer months. One study identified a significant correlation in March, while another reported a peak month in April and October. Two studies found no significant seasonal correlation. Regarding meteorological factors, the findings were inconsistent: increased solar radiation was associated with higher rheumatogenous detachment incidence, while daylight hours exhibited a bimodal distribution. Low atmospheric pressure was correlated with higher occurrence, although no single factor emerged as consistently predictive. This review suggests a possible seasonal pattern in RRD incidence, with summer being the most commonly associated season, though findings were not consistently statistically significant. PVD, a known precursor to retinal detachment, was identified as a major risk factor; however, only one study examined its seasonality, finding no significant association. Other well-established risk factors, such as myopia, age, and male sex, were also confirmed. Associations with meteorological factors - especially low atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity - were observed in some studies but remain inconclusive. The retrospective design and lack of control for seasonal population shifts or trauma-related detachments limit generalizability. This review suggests a possible seasonal pattern in RRD incidence, particularly during summer, though findings remain inconclusive. Recognized risk factors such as myopia, age, and PVD are reinforced. Further research is needed to clarify environmental influences using more robust, prospective study designs.