Ecotoxicological risks and sustainability of integrated biopesticide-based approaches for Aedes aegypti control

The global spread of Aedes aegypti poses increasing challenges for vector control programs, especially in the context of insecticide resistance and growing environmental concerns. Innovative control strategies include integrated vector management and use of biopesticides as sustainable alternatives to conventional insecticides. However, despite recent advances, critical knowledge gaps remain regarding the efficacy, safety, and sustainability of integrated biopesticide-based strategies for environmentally friendly Aedes aegypti management. The aim of this review was to critically examine the ecotoxicological risks associated with isolated use of conventional pesticides and highlight the benefits and limitations of integrated vector management approaches. Publications from the last 10 years were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with inclusion criteria focusing on studies addressing ecotoxicological effects and sustainability of integrated biopesticide-based strategies. Recent evidence demonstrated that integrated strategies provide enhanced efficacy and reduced environmental impact compared to chemical-only interventions. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding long-term ecological safety, operational feasibility, and resistance development. Comprehensive toxicological assessments and further studies are crucial to ensure the safe, effective, and sustainable use of integrated vector control approaches, with a focus on minimizing adverse environmental impacts and delaying insecticidal resistance development.