Protective effect of astaxanthin on reproductive cell cryopreservation, focusing on its antioxidative properties

Cryopreservation is a technique used to store cells or tissues for extended periods of time. It plays a significant role in assisted reproductive technologies (ART). A primary challenge associated with cryopreservation is cellular cryodamage, which is caused by oxidative stress from the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Astaxanthin (AST), a carotenoid with robust antioxidative properties, has been shown to have a positive function on cryopreserved sperm and oocytes when added to cryo-extender. In sperm, AST improves quality by increasing motility and viability. In oocytes, it enhances post-thaw survival rates and developmental competence. This study aims to review the effect of AST in the cryopreservation of reproductive cells and tissues, with an emphasis on its molecular mechanisms.